特殊连系动词一举拿下

      系动词是英语常见而又不是很好掌握的词类之一。be 是最常见的连系动词，用法相对简单、易懂。但除 be 之外，还有一些动词，从表面上看像是普通的实义动词，而实际上却具有系动词的某些句法特征，这些动词后面也可以跟形容词或名词等作表语。
 
      请比较下面两例：
 
      The sun is hot. 太阳很热。
      The sun shines hot. 太阳火辣辣地照着大地。
      句（1）中的 is 是普通连系动词，不是实义动词；句（2）中的 shines 则为特殊连系动词，本身具有实义，只是在译成汉语时，它的词义不一定直译出来。
 
      再比较下面两例：
 
      3.They are our friends.
      4.They stand our friends.
      句（3）中的 are 是普通连系动词；句（4）中的stand 是“特殊连系动词” ，有“竖持不动摇，仍然是”之意。
可见，“特殊连系动词”具有双重性能，既有连系动词语法（句法）属性，又有普通实义动词语义（意思）功能。
 
 
      常见的“特殊连系动词”可分为三类：
      1. 表示“变成某种状态”意义的系动词：become , come , fall , get , go , grow , make , prove , run , shine , turn , turn out , wear , work。例如：
      Our country is becoming stronger and stronger.
      This great prediction has come true.
      One after another, the three of them fell asleep.
      Please don''t get angry.
      Xiang Lin''s wife finally went mad.
      You have grown so tall.
      The instrument has proved most useful.
      Their money was running short.
      After the heated discussion many facts shone clear.
      When she saw this, her face turned red.
      The day turned out fine.
      The cloth is wearing thin.
      The button worked loose.
 
      2. 表示“保持某种状态”意义的系动词：continue , die , go , hold , keep , lie , live , remain , rest , return , sit , stand , stay。例如：
      I hope the weather will continue fine.
      He went a child but returned a veteran worker.
      The nation''s unemployment rate held steady at 9 . 8 percent in August.
      The thought lies heavy on his mind.
      Liu Hulan lived a communist, and died a communist.
      Little inconsequential items often loom large to invalids.
      We must always remain modest and prudent.
      We shouldn''t rest satisfied with what we have achieved.
      All the time she sat silent in the corner.
      He stood 4 feet 9 inches. 他身高4英尺9英寸。
      I still stand your friend.
      The shop stays open till eight o''clock.
      May you die sonless!
 
      3. 表示“自己感觉或令人感觉”意义的系动词，常可翻译成“…起来”：appear, feel , look . seem , smell , sound , taste。例如：
 
      He didn''t want to appear a fool.
      This appears an exception to the rule mentioned above.
      Silk feels smooth.
      He feels uneasy.
      He looks quiet strong.
      He seems quite happy.
      The dish tastes delicious.
 
      使用be动词和特殊系动词有何差别呢？be动词表现力较差，主要只起语法衔接的作用，而那些特殊系动词除了语法衔接的句法功能之外，还能履行表现力丰富的功能。试比较以下两句：
 
      5. Science and technology are the primary productive force.
      6. Science and technology constitute the primary productive force.
      如果你能体会二者之间联系与区别，也就完全掌握了前述问题。